A relação com o saber nas atividades lúdicas escolares / The relationship with knowledge in school recreational activities / La relación con el saber en las actividades lúdicas escolares

O brincar é uma atividade importante para o desenvolvimento infantil, porque melhora aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e físicos. Além disso, jogos e brincadeiras podem ser explorados como recurso educacional. Partindo do entendimento da ludicidade enquanto um processo subjetivo, este trabalho investigou a relação com o saber estabelecida durante as brincadeiras, buscando compreendê-las em suas dimensões epistêmica, social e identitária. Dezesseis estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro baseado no instrumento "balanço do saber", proposto por Bernard Charlot. As questões foram adaptadas para possibilitar apreender o que as crianças dizem aprender durante as brincadeiras em que participam, com ênfase naquelas realizadas em sala de aula. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo realizada mostraram que, apesar de existirem conflitos sobre como se estabelecem as funções lúdica e educativa, quando a brincadeira infantil é utilizada como recurso pedagógico, os sujeitos podem identificar benefícios no processo de aprendizagem por meio dela. Aponta-se, também, a necessidade de considerar a condição social da criança no ambiente escolar para o sucesso ao utilizar essas atividades como práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Child's play is an important activity for child development since it improves cognition, emotional, and physical aspects. Games can also be explored as an educational resource. Starting from the understanding that playfulness is a subjective process, this work has investigated the relationship to the knowledge stablished during games, aiming to understand it in its epistemic, social, and identitary dimensions. A group of 16 5th grade students were interviewed from a script based on the instrument "balance of knowledge," as proposed by Bernard Charlot. The questions were adapted to enable the apprehension of what children say they learn on the games they play, emphasizing those which are played in classrooms. The results of the content analysis performed have showed that, despite the conflicts on how both playful and educative functions are stablished when child's play is used as a pedagogic resource, the subjects can identify benefits on the process of learning with it. The need to consider the child's social condition in the school environment to reach success when using these activities as pedagogical practices is also pointed out.(AU)

Jugar es una actividad importante para el desarrollo de los niños, porque mejora aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y físicos. Por tanto, los juegos son explorados como recurso educativo. Partiendo de la comprensión de que lo lúdico es un proceso subjetivo, este trabajo analizó la relación con el saber que se establece durante el juego, con el objetivo de comprenderlo en sus dimensiones epistémica, social e identitaria. Se entrevistó a dieciséis estudiantes de quinto grado a partir de un guion basado en el instrumento "balance del saber" propuesto por Bernard Charlot. Las preguntas fueron adaptadas para permitir la aprehensión de lo que los niños dicen que aprenden en sus juegos, enfatizando los que se juegan en las aulas. Los resultados del análisis de contenido realizado mostraron que, a pesar de que existen conflictos sobre cómo se establecen ambas funciones lúdica y educativa cuando se utiliza el juego infantil como recurso pedagógico, los niños pueden identificar beneficios en el proceso de aprendizaje a través del juego. Se señala la necesidad de considerar la condición social del niño en el entorno escolar para alcanzar el éxito al utilizar estas actividades como prácticas pedagógicas.(AU)

A clínica psicanalítica das urgências subjetivas no hospital universitário: construção de um caso clínico / Psychoanalysis of subjective urgencies at a university hospital: construing a clinical case / La clínica psicoanalítica de urgencias subjetivas en el hospital universitario: construcción de un caso clínico

O hospital constitui-se como um contexto em que a urgência subjetiva pode vir a se apresentar de forma frequente, instaurando, para cada sujeito, uma vivência de angústia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as possibilidades para uma clínica das urgências subjetivas no contexto de um hospital universitário em Salvador, considerando as vivências em uma residência multiprofissional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, em que se realizou revisão teórica sobre o tema e se construiu um caso clínico, sob orientação psicanalítica. A escolha do caso baseou-se na escuta clínica ao longo dos atendimentos e da atuação em equipe multiprofissional, considerando os impasses ao longo do tratamento. Foram utilizados registros documentais produzidos pela psicóloga residente ao longo dos atendimentos, que ocorreram durante três meses. Os resultados apontam para as contribuições da escuta psicanalítica no tratamento das urgências e na atuação em equipe multiprofissional no contexto hospitalar. A subjetivação da urgência permitiu, no caso em questão, um tratamento pela palavra do que havia incidido diretamente no corpo como fenômeno. Conclui-se pela relevância em discutir o tema da urgência e suscitar novas pesquisas, reintroduzindo no contexto hospitalar a questão sobre a subjetividade.(AU)

Hospitals are contexts in which subjective urgency can frequently materialize, triggering an experience of anguish for each subject. Hence, this research investigates the possibilities of establishing a subjective urgency clinic at a university hospital in Salvador, considering the experiences in a multidisciplinary residence. A qualitative, exploratory research was conducted by means of a theoretical review on the topic and construction of a clinical case, under psychoanalytical advisement. The case was chosen based on clinical listening during the sessions and performance in a multidisciplinary team, considering the obstacles for long-term treatment. Data were collected from documentary records produced by the resident psychologist during three months. Results point to the contributions of psychoanalytic listening to treating subjective urgencies and to the performance of a multidisciplinary team in the hospital context. In the case in question, subjectivation of urgency allowed a treatment through the word of affecting phenomenon. In conclusion, discussing urgency and conducting further research, are fundamental to reintroduce subjectivity in the hospital context.(AU)

El hospital es un contexto en el que frecuentemente se puede percibir una urgencia subjetiva, estableciendo una experiencia de angustia para cada sujeto. El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar las posibilidades de una clínica de urgencia subjetiva en el contexto de un hospital universitario en Salvador (Brasil), considerando las experiencias en una Residencia Multiprofesional. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, de carácter exploratorio, en la que se realizó una revisión teórica sobre el tema y construcción de un caso clínico, con orientación psicoanalítica. La elección del caso se basó en la escucha clínica a lo largo de las sesiones y actuación en un equipo multidisciplinar, considerando los impasses para el tratamiento a largo plazo. Se utilizaron registros documentales elaborados por el psicólogo residente, durante las atenciones, que se realizaron durante tres meses. Los resultados apuntan a las contribuciones de la escucha psicoanalítica en el tratamiento de urgencias y en la actuación de un equipo multidisciplinario en el contexto hospitalario. La subjetivación de la urgencia permitió, en el caso en cuestión, un tratamiento a través de la palabra de lo que había afectado directamente al cuerpo como fenómeno. Se concluye que es relevante discutir el tema de la urgencia y plantear nuevas investigaciones, reintroduciendo el tema de la subjetividad en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)

Uma avaliação das técnicas expressivas pela psicologia simbólica. Apresentação da técnica "marionetes do self" / An assessment of expressive techniques from the perspective of symbolic psychology. Presentation of the "marionettes of the self" technique / Una evaluación de las técnicas expresivas por la psicología simbólica. Presentación de la técnica "títeres del yo"

O autor compara a psicoterapia dinâmica exclusivamente verbal e aquela que emprega também técnicas expressivas dentro da perspectiva simbólica e transferencial. Considera que as técnicas expressivas aumentam consideravelmente o potencial da elaboração simbólica, pelo fato de serem ativados em maior extensão e profundidade os significados simbólicos, junto com uma maior possibilidade de vivenciá-los. Compara a técnica menos participativa e mais verbal com a mais participativa e menos verbal e favorece a segunda pela maior produção de significados, maior possibilidade de o terapeuta exercer a sua vocação e a sua criatividade, maior cooperação do paciente na terapia e maior possibilidade da Sombra da terapia (inclusive do terapeuta) surgir e ser elaborada. Chama a atenção para o maior perigo da projeção da Função Transcendente no analista se tornar defensiva com a terapia exclusivamente verbal e interativa. O autor conclui com um aviso sobre a necessidade de precaução no uso das técnicas expressivas, pois exatamente pelo seu poder de energização dos símbolos e das funções psíquicas, elas podem exacerbar as defesas e agravar os quadros clínicos. Na segunda parte, o autor descreve a técnica expressiva das Marionetes do Self e atribui sua originalidade à sua abrangência, que inclui a relação transferencial. Descreve as características das suas peças e da sua montagem. Esclarece que o seu uso pode ser terapêutico e pedagógico para ensino normal ou supervisão. Finalmente, na terceira parte, o autor tece considerações sobre as restrições à participação ativa do consciente na terapia psicodinâmica e as atribui basicamente ao seu redutivismo ao inconsciente, tanto por Freud (o reprimido e o Id) quanto por Jung (inconsciente coletivo). Baseado na proposta de ampliação do conceito de arquétipo para englobar também o consciente e do conceito de símbolo para englobar também o objetivo, o autor propõe a elaboração simbólica igualmente a partir da perspectiva consciente e inconsciente. Em função dessa ampliação, teoriza que as técnicas behavioristas, cognitivas e até mesmo a psicofarmacoterapia podem ser usadas também como técnicas expressivas da psicoterapia dinâmica, ao serem exercidas dentro da perspectiva simbólica e transferencial.

The author compares exclusively verbal dynamic psychotherapy with psychotherapy that also employs expressive techniques within a symbolic and transferential framework. As a result, expressive techniques are considered to substantially increase the potential of symbolic elaboration, due to the fact that symbolic meanings are activated to a greater extent and depth, along with a greater possibility of being experienced. The less participative and more verbal technique is compared with the more participative and less verbal technique and the second one is favored due to a greater production of meanings, a greater possibility for the therapist to exercise their vocation and creativity, the patient's greater cooperation in the therapy and a greater chance of the therapy's (including the therapist's) Shadow arising and being elaborated. Attention is drawn to the great danger of the projection of the Transcendent Function onto the analyst becoming defensive in exclusively verbal and interactive therapy. The author concludes with a warning about the need for caution in the use of expressive techniques, as precisely due to their power to energize symbols and psychic functions, they can exacerbate defenses and worsen clinical conditions. In the second part, the author describes the expressive technique of the Marionettes of the Self and attributes its originality to its scope, which includes the transferential relationship. The characteristics of its parts and its assembly are described and its use recommended for therapeutic and pedagogical purposes in regar teaching or supervision. Finally, in the third part, the author considers the restrictions on the active participation of the conscious in psychodynamic therapy and basically attributes them to its reductionism to the unconscious, both by Freud (repression and the Id) and by Jung (the collective unconscious). Based on the proposal to expand the concept of archetype to also encompass the conscious and the concept of symbol to also encompass the objective dimension, the author proposes the symbolic elaboration from the perspective of both the conscious and the unconscious. Due to this expansion, the author theorizes that behavioral and cognitive techniques and even psychopharmacotherapy may also be used as expressive techniques of dynamic psychotherapy when they are exercised within the symbolic and transferential perspective.

El autor compara la psicoterapia dinámica exclusivamente verbal y la que también emplea técnicas expresivas dentro de la perspectiva simbólica y transferencial. Considera que las técnicas expresivas aumentan considerablemente el potencial de elaboración simbólica, debido a que se activan en mayor medida y profundidad los significados simbólicos, así como una mayor posibilidad de experimentarlos. Compara la técnica menos participativa y más verbal con la técnica más participativa y menos verbal y favorece a la segunda por mayor producción de significados, mayor posibilidad para el terapeuta de ejercer su vocación y su creatividad, mayor cooperación del paciente en la terapia y mayor posibilidad de que la Sombra de la terapia (incluido el terapeuta) surja y se elabore. Llama la atención sobre el mayor peligro de que la proyección de la Función Trascendente sobre el analista se vuelva defensiva con la terapia exclusivamente verbal e interactiva. El autor concluye con una advertencia sobre la necesidad de cautela en el uso de técnicas expresivas, pues precisamente por su poder de dinamización de símbolos y funciones psíquicas, pueden exacerbar las defensas y empeorar el cuadro clínico. En la segunda parte, el autor describe la técnica expresiva de los Títeres del Yo y atribuye su originalidad a su alcance, que incluye la relación transferencial. Describe las características de sus partes y de su montaje. Aclara que su uso puede ser terapéutico y pedagógico para la enseñanza o supervisión normal. Finalmente, en la tercera parte, el autor considera las restricciones a la participación activa del consciente en la terapia psicodinámica y las atribuye básicamente a su reduccionismo al inconsciente, tanto de Freud (lo reprimido y el Id) como de Jung (inconsciente colectivo). Partiendo de la propuesta de ampliar el concepto de arquetipo para abarcar también lo consciente y el concepto de símbolo para abarcar también lo objetivo, el autor propone la elaboración simbólica por igual desde la perspectiva consciente e inconsciente. Debido a esta expansión, teoriza que las técnicas conductistas, cognitivas e incluso la psicofarmacoterapia también pueden ser utilizadas como técnicas expresivas de la psicoterapia dinámica, cuando se ejercen en la perspectiva simbólica y transferencial.

The Music of Silence: Part I: Responses to Musical Imagery Encode Melodic Expectations and Acoustics.

Musical imagery is the voluntary internal hearing of music in the mind without the need for physical action or external stimulation. Numerous studies have already revealed brain areas activated during imagery. However, it remains unclear to what extent imagined music responses preserve the detailed temporal dynamics of the acoustic stimulus envelope and, crucially, whether melodic expectations play any role in modulating responses to imagined music, as they prominently do during listening. These modulations are important as they reflect aspects of the human musical experience, such as its acquisition, engagement, and enjoyment. This study explored the nature of these modulations in imagined music based on EEG recordings from 21 professional musicians (6 females and 15 males). Regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate that imagined neural signals can be predicted accurately, similarly to the listening task, and were sufficiently robust to allow for accurate identification of the imagined musical piece from the EEG. In doing so, our results indicate that imagery and listening tasks elicited an overlapping but distinctive topography of neural responses to sound acoustics, which is in line with previous fMRI literature. Melodic expectation, however, evoked very similar frontal spatial activation in both conditions, suggesting that they are supported by the same underlying mechanisms. Finally, neural responses induced by imagery exhibited a specific transformation from the listening condition, which primarily included a relative delay and a polarity inversion of the response. This transformation demonstrates the top-down predictive nature of the expectation mechanisms arising during both listening and imagery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is well known that the human brain is activated during musical imagery: the act of voluntarily hearing music in our mind without external stimulation. It is unclear, however, what the temporal dynamics of this activation are, as well as what musical features are precisely encoded in the neural signals. This study uses an experimental paradigm with high temporal precision to record and analyze the cortical activity during musical imagery. This study reveals that neural signals encode music acoustics and melodic expectations during both listening and imagery. Crucially, it is also found that a simple mapping based on a time-shift and a polarity inversion could robustly describe the relationship between listening and imagery signals.

What You Cannot See Can Still Kill You: On the Use of Latent Constructs.

Nursing research relies heavily on the use of latent constructs to describe and understand phenomena that cannot be measured through direct observation. In statistical models, variables representing these constructs, often operationalized and represented as scores on self-report measures, stand in as symbolic representations of real forces having an impact on patients' experiences of living and dying. In this sense, latent constructs represent real phenomena that cannot always be seen directly.

Innovations for Supporting Communication: Opportunities and Challenges for People with Complex Communication Needs.

Individuals with complex communication needs have benefited greatly from technological innovations over the past two decades, as well as from social movements that have shifted focus from disability to functioning and participation in society. Three strands of technological innovation are reviewed in this paper: (1) innovations in the tools that have become available, specifically tablet technologies; (2) innovations in access methods (eye gaze technologies and brain-computer interfaces); and (3) innovations in output, specifically speech technologies. The opportunities these innovations offer are explored, as are some of the challenges that they imply, not only for individuals with complex communication needs, but also for families, professionals, and researchers.

Identity, Semiotics, and Use of Symbols in Adult Day Services.

Purpose: This article explores experiences of older adults attending an Adult Day Service (ADS) center. We focus on semiotics, which is ADS clients' use of symbols to communicate with others and to assert their personal and social identities. We refer to the ADS as a semiosphere-a term that refers to the dense, symbolically mediated interactions among this community. Methods: Ethnographers observed and interviewed clients, family, and staff members at the religiously affiliated ADS. They focused on the daily life worlds of those who attended and worked there. Results: We identified three elements through which clients expressed and communicated in semiotic ways, aspects of their identity: (a) music and dance, (b) individual use of a symbol-a doll and, (c) symbolic organization of space through seating patterns at activity tables. Elements were created and shared communally. Discussion: The ADS, as a cultural entity, is itself an illustration of symbolic complexity. Ideologies about aging, dementia, identity, and the ADS' role in improving elders' cognition and health are structured into the setting, forming a semiosphere. Our study revealed that elders, with staff members' help, created a cultural world at the ADS.

Three Pink Decades: Breast Cancer Coverage in Magazine Advertisements.

Breast cancer advocacy has experienced tremendous success since the 1980s. Yet, the quality and authenticity of breast cancer information in the media are sometimes questionable. Using a content analysis, we examined the informative (donation information, breast cancer advocacy content, etc.) and persuasive (appeals used, cues to action, etc.) contents of magazine advertisements relevant to breast cancer. While ads offered minimal informative content about the disease or about ways by which sales will contribute to the breast cancer cause, they integrated "breast cancer appeals," such as the color pink, the pink ribbon, and mostly positive depictions of survivorship and hope, into the ads. Breast cancer thus took center stage in the persuasive content of the ads, but a back seat when it came to their informative content. We discuss the implications of those findings in light of the meanings and purposes of cause-related marketing campaigns.

Infusing fundamental cause theory with features of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic power.

The theory of fundamental causes is one of the more influential attempts to provide a theoretical infrastructure for the strong associations between indicators of socioeconomic status (education, income, occupation) and health. It maintains that people of higher socioeconomic status have greater access to flexible resources such as money, knowledge, prestige, power, and beneficial social connections that they can use to reduce their risks of morbidity and mortality and minimize the consequences of disease once it occurs. However, several key aspects of the theory remain underspecified, compromising its ability to provide truly compelling explanations for socioeconomic health inequalities. In particular, socioeconomic status is an assembly of indicators that do not necessarily cohere in a straightforward way, the flexible resources that disproportionately accrue to higher status people are not clearly defined, and the distinction between socioeconomic status and resources is ambiguous. I attempt to address these definitional issues by infusing fundamental cause theory with features of a well-known theory of socioeconomic stratification in the sociological literature-Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic power.

Professional autonomy and nursing: representations of health professionals. / Autonomia profissional e enfermagem: representações de profissionais de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the social representations of the professional autonomy of nurses and nursing for non-nursing health professionals. METHODS: This is a qualitative study based on the theory of social representations. Fifty-three non-nursing professionals of a municipal hospital participated in this study. Data were collected between March and April 2015, from hierarchical free evocations using the inductor terms, "professional autonomy of nurses" and "nursing". The data were analysed using EVOC 2003. RESULTS: The most likely core of the social representation of professional autonomy were the terms care, team, and responsibility. Moreover, the likely core of nursing comprises the elements care, team, responsibility, and work. CONCLUSIONS: The professional autonomy of nurses and nursing consists of fairly close objects of representation in the studied group, which makes them non-autonomous representations that are still sensitive to the incorporation of new elements.

Assessing health-related quality of life in young Japanese children with chronic conditions: Preliminary validation of the DISABKIDS smiley measure.

BACKGROUND: Although there is an increasing need to investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children and adolescents with chronic conditions in Japan, there is currently no standardized measure in which young children can directly answer questions about their HRQOL. The DISABKIDS Smiley measure uses face emoticons to measure HRQOL and distress caused by illness and related treatments among young children. We tested the reliability and validity of the DISABKIDS Smiley measure in a sample of young Japanese children. METHODS: After translating the child and parent questionnaires into Japanese, a pre-test was performed to test the content validity in accordance with guidelines from the DISABKIDS Group. In total, 60 child-parent pairs were recruited to participate in the survey. We measured internal consistency of the scales using Cronbach's alpha as well as Guttman split-half, test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) at a two-week interval, and ICCs between child- and parent-reported scores. Convergent validity of the scale was also examined against the Kiddy-KINDL scale. RESULTS: Both child-reported and parent-reported scales showed good internal consistency and split-half reliability. Test-retest reliability of the child-reported version (ICC = 0.53, p = 0.004) was lower than that of the parent-reported version (ICC = 0.80, p < 0.001). Moderate to good agreement between child- and parent- reported scales was observed in both the first (ICC = 0.75, p < 0.001) and second administration (ICC = 0.71, p < 0.001). Moderate to very strong positive correlations were observed with the total score of the Kiddy-KINDL child-reported version (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), and facets of the Kiddy-KINDL parent-reported version (ranging from r = 0.364 to r = 0.60, p < 0.001) and total score (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric property of the instrument showed that the Japanese version of the DISABKIDS Smiley can be applied to assess the HRQOL of Japanese children with chronic conditions. Further investigation will be needed to explore the reliability and validity for repeated use of the instrument in clinical practice as an indicator of clinical significance.

Autonomia profissional e enfermagem: representações de profissionais de saúde / Autonomía profesional y enfermería: representaciones de profesionales de la salud / Professional autonomy and nursing: representations of health professionals

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as representações sociais da autonomia profissional do enfermeiro e da enfermagem para profissionais de saúde não enfermeiros. Métodos Estudo qualitativo delineado pela abordagem estrutural das representações sociais. Participaram 53 profissionais de saúde não enfermeiros de um hospital municipal. A coleta de dados foi realizada de março a abril de 2015 e se deu através de evocações livres hierarquizadas, utilizando os termos indutores “autonomia profissional do enfermeiro” e, em seguida, “enfermagem”. A análise de dados foi realizada pelo software EVOC 2003. Resultados Figuraram como provável núcleo central da representação social da autonomia profissional os termos cuidado, equipe e responsabilidade. Por seu turno, o provável núcleo central da representação da enfermagem é composto pelos elementos cuidado, equipe, responsabilidade e trabalho. Conclusões A autonomia profissional do enfermeiro e a enfermagem consistem em objetos de representação bastante próximos entre si para o grupo investigado, e, por isso, trata-se de representações não autônomas, ainda sensíveis à incorporação de novos elementos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las representaciones de la autonomía profesional de las enfermeras y de enfermería para profesionales de la salud no-enfermeros. Métodos estudio cualitativo descrito por el enfoque estructural de la Representación Social. Participaron 53 profesionales de salud no-enfermeros, de un hospital municipal. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo a través de evocaciones libres con los términos inductores “autonomía profesional del enfermero” y “enfermería”, entre marzo y abril de 2015. El análisis de datos fue realizado por el software EVOC 2003. Resultados Calculada la base probable de la representación de la autonomía profesional en términos, cuidado de equipo y responsabilidad. Por su parte, el núcleo probable de enfermería se compone de los elementos, cuidado del equipo, responsabilidad y trabajo. Conclusiones Autonomía profesional de los enfermeros y enfermería consisten en objetos de representación muy cercanos el uno del otro, no son representaciones autónomas, sin embargo son sensibles a la incorporación de nuevos elementos.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyse the social representations of the professional autonomy of nurses and nursing for non-nursing health professionals. Methods This is a qualitative study based on the theory of social representations. Fifty-three non-nursing professionals of a municipal hospital participated in this study. Data were collected between March and April 2015, from hierarchical free evocations using the inductor terms, “professional autonomy of nurses” and “nursing”. The data were analysed using EVOC 2003. Results The most likely core of the social representation of professional autonomy were the terms care, team, and responsibility. Moreover, the likely core of nursing comprises the elements care, team, responsibility, and work. Conclusions The professional autonomy of nurses and nursing consists of fairly close objects of representation in the studied group, which makes them non-autonomous representations that are still sensitive to the incorporation of new elements.

The symbolic economy of drugs.

This essay reviews four recent studies representing a new direction in the history of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical science. To this end, it introduces the notion of a symbolic economy of drugs, defined as the production, circulation, and reception of signs that convey information about drugs and establish trust in them. Each of the studies under review focuses on one key signifier in this symbolic economy, namely the brand, the patent, the clinical trial, and the drug itself. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the economy of symbolic goods, I conceptualize these signifiers as symbolic assets, that is, as instruments of communication and credit, delivering knowledge, carrying value, and producing authority. The notion of a symbolic economy is offered with a threefold intention. First, I introduce it in order to highlight the implications of historical and anthropological work for a broader theory of the economy of drugs, thus suggesting a language for interdisciplinary conversations in the study of pharmaceuticals. Second, I deploy it in an attempt to emphasize the contributions of the recent scholarship on drugs to a critical understanding of our own contemporary ways of organizing access to drugs and information about drugs. Finally, I suggest ways in which it might be of use to scholars of other commodities and technologies.

Gun ownership and social gun culture.

We assessed gun ownership rates in 2013 across the USA and the association between exposure to a social gun culture and gun ownership. We used data from a nationally representative sample of 4000 US adults, from 50 states and District of Columbia, aged >18 years to assess gun ownership and social gun culture performed in October 2013. State-level firearm policy information was obtained from the Brady Law Center and Injury Prevention and Control Center. One-third of Americans reported owning a gun, ranging from 5.2% in Delaware to 61.7% in Alaska. Gun ownership was 2.25-times greater among those reporting social gun culture (PR=2.25, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.52) than those who did not. In conclusion, we found strong association between social gun culture and gun ownership. Gun cultures may need to be considered for public health strategies that aim to change gun ownership in the USA.

The use of Pierre Bourdieu's distinction concepts in scientific articles studying food and eating: A narrative review.

This article reviews and discusses scientific papers on eating practices that have used Pierre Bourdieu's concepts presented in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. It aims to synthesize and analyze theoretical and empirical studies on the theme in order to present Bourdieu's contributions to the field, advances in his theories, and directions for future research. Exclusion criteria were: not written in Portuguese, English, Spanish, or French; not published in a peer-reviewed journal; not analyzing food or eating; and not using Bourdieu's concepts as presented in Distinction as the main theoretical framework. In this narrative review, we found 38 articles, which were categorized main themes: food choice and provisioning, taste, social class, food symbolism, the body, and the scientific field of food and eating. The taste of luxury and the taste of necessity were broadly applied on the works found in this review and were observed among the lower and upper classes, manifesting differently in each class. These studies show that while Bourdieu's theories are still highly relevant to understanding contemporary social groups, they may be improved when combined with other frameworks and theorists. We highlight as directions for future research manners in which gender and the environment interact with the habitus and food choices. Finally, this review points to new areas of investigation that may help improve the use of Bourdieu's concepts in exploring health inequalities, such as differences in eating practices and habitus within populations with low socioeconomic status.

Moral discourses and pharmaceuticalised governance in households.

This article extends our understanding of the everyday practices of pharmaceuticalisation through an examination of moral concerns over medication practices in the household. Moral concerns of responsibility and discipline in relation to pharmaceutical consumption have been identified, such as passive or active medication practices, and adherence to orthodox or unorthodox accounts. This paper further delineates dimensions of the moral evaluations of pharmaceuticals. In 2010 and 2011 data were collected from 55 households across New Zealand and data collection techniques, such as photo- and diary-elicitation interviews, allowed the participants to develop and articulate reflective stories of the moral meaning of pharmaceuticals. Four repertoires were identified: a disordering society repertoire where pharmaceuticals evoke a society in an unnatural state; a disordering self repertoire where pharmaceuticals signify a moral failing of the individual; a disordering substances repertoire where pharmaceuticals signify a threat to one's physical or mental equilibrium; a re-ordering substances repertoire where pharmaceuticals signify the restoration of function. The research demonstrated that the dichotomies of orthodox/unorthodox and compliance/resistance do not adequately capture how medications are used and understood in everyday practice. Attitudes change according to why pharmaceuticals are taken and who is taking them, their impacts on social relationships, and different views on the social or natural production of disease, the power of the pharmaceutical industry, and the role of health experts. Pharmaceuticals are tied to our identity, what we want to show of ourselves, and what sort of world we see ourselves living in. The ordering and disordering understandings of pharmaceuticals intersect with forms of pharmaceuticalised governance, where conduct is governed through pharmaceutical routines, and where self-responsibility entails following the prescription of other agents. Pharmaceuticals symbolise forms of governance with different sets of roles and responsibilities.

Beyond prevention: containment rhetoric in the case of bug chasing.

Bug chasing, the practice of pursuing HIV positive sexual partners in order to acquire HIV, presents multiple dilemmas for health affiliates in terms of how to address discourses and practices that challenge widely held beliefs about health and medicine. In order to examine how researchers respond to controversial counterpublic rhetorics, this essay chronicles the construction of "bug chasing" in published social science literature. Guided by a theory of containment rhetoric, I analyze how bug chasers are configured in the language of social science used to describe and explain them. I find that social scientific coverage of bug chasing often addresses the behavior using a recipe of rhetorical containment: first, authors gaze upon bug chasers via distanced descriptions of the community; second, authors characterize the behavior as exhibiting an idealistic naiveté; and, third, authors stress the inconceivable, and therefore reproachable, sacrifice that bug chasing ultimately demands of its onlookers and participants. In closing, I evaluate the consequences of this containment rhetoric and offer three rhetorical maneuvers to aid future scholarship that examines the discourses and communities that counter dominant health ideologies.